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\nThe modeling methods and results are presented in Anticipating the winds of change: A baseline assessment of Northeastern US continental shelf surficial substrates, published in the journal Fisheries Oceanography in 2024 by Kevin D.E. Stokesbury, N. David Bethoney, Felipe Restrepo, and Bradley P. Harris. The authors found that mud was present in 72% of all the grid cells. Sand and shell debris are ubiquitous, present in 94% and 93% of all grid cells, respectively. Gravel clearly defines the glacier moraine along the northern edge of Georges Bank leading into the Gulf of Maine coastline. Gravel deposits were also associated with major rivers, estuaries, canyons, and sea mounts. Gravel was present in 27% of all the grid cells. Cobble and rock occur along the glacier moraine on Georges Bank and sea mounts in the Gulf of Maine but cover a much smaller area than gravel. Cobble and rock were present in 4% and 3% of all the grid cells, but rarely found in the Mid-Atlantic.\n
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\n
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\n
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\n
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\n
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\n
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\n
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\n
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\n
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\nThe Expedition has been in the planning phases for nearly 20 years by an interdisciplinary team that includes researchers from the University of Massachusetts, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USGS Coastal and Marine Science Center, and others. The research plan leverages information from several previous surveys on the Atlantic continental shelf beginning in the 1970s to characterize sediments below the seafloor and obtain samples using drilling and coring.\n
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\nThis study will use a technique called wireline coring, which encompasses a suite of coring tools, to obtain intact cores of sediment up to 550 meters long at 3-4 locations chosen to help constrain the depth and distance from shore of freshwater saturated sediments. The cores will be analyzed to understand the age and chemical composition of freshwater, which can be used to infer source(s), as well as the microbial diversity and activity within the sediments. It is estimated that the New England shelf may contain 1300 cubic km of freshwater; for perspective, the City of New York uses 1.5 cubic km of freshwater per year. Aquifers like the New England shelf could be used in the future as water reserves for densely populated nearshore regions. Offshore freshwater sources occur in many other places globally. The northeast coast of the U.S. is perhaps the best understood example of an offshore freshwater system.\n
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\nResearch activities would include:\n